Warrior Chivalry in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight

Warrior Chivalry in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight

There are three types of chivalry that exists in the medieval era: warrior chivalry, courtly love chivalry, and religious chivalry. Warrior chivalry contains virtues of mercy, courage, valor, fairness, protection of the weak and the poor, the servant-hood of the knight to his lord, and the willingness to give your life for a poor man or your lord. Courtly love chivalry stresses the importance of serving one’s lady and all other ladies after her. Religious chivalry would have a knight be faithful to God, faithful to the church, protect the innocent, be the champion of good versus evil, and be generous and obey God over his lord. Because the chivalric code has three parts that are in contradiction to each other, since a knight cannot be loyal to his lord, lady, and God if they all want different things, it is impossible to follow the chivalric code to a tee. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, however, is the ideal representation of the warrior chivalry aspect of the chivalric code. Sir Gawain can be seen as the embodiment of that aspect of the chivalric code. The games that the Green Knight challenges Gawain with, even if they are violent in nature, also adhere to that chivalric code. The temptation that Bertilak’s wife imposes on Sir Gawain plays on the courtly love aspect of the chivalric code and Sir Gawain responds accordingly to the seduction of Bertilak’s wife in accordance to the warrior chivalry aspect of the chivalric code. Because of all of these representations of warrior chivalry Sir Gawain and the Green Knight can be seen as the ultimate guidebook of warrior chivalry in its era.

Sir Gawain, the main character of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is the embodiment of the chivalric code. Sir Gawain is described as being the perfect knight and is practically infallible. Sir Gawain is described as being “flawless in his five senses” (640). He is perfect in his sense of touch, taste, smell, hearing, and sight, and with his perfect senses he is able to experience the world around him to its maximum degree. Because he is able to experience the world to its true potential, he is able to clearly delineate between what is good and bad based on his senses. He is then able to follow the chivalric code with his clear understanding of the world through his perfect senses. Sir Gawain’s “five fingers were never at fault” (641) as well. It seems he is incapable of doing any wrong doing and since his fingers are never at fault, he would always be on the side of good. Sir Gawain is also described as a man of faith: “his faith was founded in the five wounds / Christ received on the cross, as the creed recalls” (642-643). Faith is very important in the religious chivalry aspect of the chivalric code and because Sir Gawain has such a deep faith that his beliefs are steeped in the crucifixion of christ, it goes to show just how faithful he is. Sir Gawain also uses his faith to give him courage in battle. It is said that if he were struggling in skirmish “one thought pulled him through above all other things: / the fortitude he found in the five joys / which Mary had conceived in her son, our Savior” (645-647) and because of that he “had the shaper of her image inside his shield, / so by catching her eye his courage would not crack” (649-650). He uses his faith as a source of courage in order to face the dangers and hardships a knight that follows the warrior chivalry aspect of the chivalric code will face. Finally, Sir Gawain is also known for his “friendship and fraternity with fellow men, / purity and politeness that impressed at all times, / and pity which surpassed all pointedness” (652-654). Sir Gawain is also shown to have gotten along with everyone, be well mannered, and have pity. Because Sir Gawain is a perfect human being, when it comes to his senses, as well as his actions, and has faith, and through that faith, he acquires courage, as well as being a well mannered and virtuous knight, he is the embodiment of the chivalric code.

Not only is he the perfect example of chivalry in his description, but he also displays his chivalry in his actions. In the beginning of the poem the Green Knight challenges King Arthur to the beheading game, but Sir Gawain takes his place instead. Sir Gawain tells King Arthur, “I stake my claim. / This melee must be mine” (341-342). Sir Gawain does the chivalric thing by taking the place of his lord and not allowing his lord to risk his life. He knows that he would, more than likely, die, but he is still willing to give up his life for his lord. Sir Gawain also displays chivalry by abiding by the rules of the game that was put forth by the Green Knight. The Green Knight challenged anyone present to “strike me one stroke and be struck in return” (287) and that “I’ll afford one free hit from which I won’t flinch, / and promise that twelve months will pass in peace, / then claim / the duty I deserve / in one year and one day” (294-299). Since Sir Gawain took the place of King Arthur in the challenge he had to abide by the rules. Sir Gawain chopped off the Green Knight’s head and then found him in a years time and let the Green Knight strike him back. However, before he finds the Green Knight he was given a choice to run away. Sir Gawain’s guide tells him, “for God’s sake travel and alternate track, / ride another road, and be rescued by Christ” (2119-2120). He also tells him that he swears God that “your secret is safe, and not a soul will know / that you fled in fear” (2124-2125). Sir Gawain is given an easy way out of his predicament, but because Sir Gawain is the shining example of chivalry he responds, “if I failed to find him / and were to flee in fear in the fashion you urge, / I’d be christened a coward and could not be excused” (2129-2131). Sir Gawain’s response goes to show that being branded as a coward in this world of chivalry is worse than dying an honorable death. Another instance of Sir Gawain displaying chivalry is by abiding by the rules of the hunting game that was issued by Bertilak to Sir Gawain as he was living in his castle. Bertilak says to Gawain, “let’s make a pact. / Here’s a wager: what I win in the woods will be yours, / and what you gain while I’m gone you will give to me” (1105-1107). Sir Gawain and Bertilak abide by the pact that they had made. Bertilak gives Sir Gawain his spoils from hunting, while Sir Gawain gives Bertilak kisses that he has received from his wife. Although there is an instance that Sir Gawain acted selfishly and un-chivalric. When he decided to keep the green girdle that he had received from Bertilak’s wife instead of giving it to Bertilak, as their agreement would have him do. Aside from this one instance of selfishness, Sir Gawain proves that he abides by the chivalric code through his actions.

It is not only the character of Sir Gawain that represents warrior chivalry, but also the games present in the poem do so as well. The games in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight incorporate mercy, courage, valor, and fairness in the way that they are played. The game that the Green Knight proposes to King Arthur and his court may seem violent and barbaric, but it can still be seen as being chivalrous. In The Cipher of Chivalry: Violence as Courtly Play in the World of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight by Carl Grey Martin, Martin defends the violent games in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight by explaining them in a chivalric sense. Martin begins by saying, “The dominant act of the Middle English romance Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is the grotesque physical breaking and disfigurement of one knight by another” (Martin 311). He goes on to explain how this act of violence goes against the Christmas festivities that are going on during the time of the Green Knight’s challenge. Martin says, “The Green Knight’s proposal to endure a decapitating stroke in return for the chance to deal one himself appears to subvert the tenets of courtly civility and of Christian fellowship” (Martin 311). Then he backs up the knight’s chivalry by saying, “Yet he pursues this contest with a true knight’s obligatory magnanimity and finesse” (Martin 311). I agree with Martin and his idea of violence as courtly play. It kind of goes against each other but they work together so well in this sense. The Green Knight issues the challenge of having someone take an axe to his neck and in a year’s time that person would have to seek out the Green Knight so that the Green Knight can return the blow back. The challenge contains honor and the risk of bodily harm to each person involved, much like any other “games” that knights would play, such as jousting and sword fighting. In fact, in the beginning of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, Arthur refuses to eat unless he would be entertained by a duel between two knights. So even the extreme act of violence of Sir Gawain lopping of the Green Knight’s head contains a certain chivalric aspect to it.

Warrior chivalry often comes into conflict with courtly love chivalry, as well as self-preservation. Because warrior chivalry is all about doing what your lord commands, it often conflicts with courtly love chivalry when your lord’s wife is making advances at you. Warrior chivalry also goes against self-preservation when you have to give up your life for your lord and for honor when you want to live. An example of courtly love chivalry coming in conflict with warrior chivalry in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight would be when Bertilak’s wife makes advances towards Sir Gawain while he is staying in Bertilak’s castle. Bertilak’s wife tells Sir Gawain, “You’re free to have my all, / do with me what you will. / I’ll come just as you call / and swear to serve you well” (1237-1240). Sir Gawain is being conflicted by courtly love chivalry and warrior chivalry. He could respond in the courtly love chivalry way by accepting the advances of Bertilak’s wife, or he can respond in the warrior chivalry way by denying her advances. Sir Gawain goes with the latter option and denies her all three times that she tries to seduce him, only accepting a kiss from her, so as not to insult her. There is an instance, however, where Sir Gawain is shown to be fallible. During the third day of staying in Bertilak’s castle, Bertilak’s wife attempts to seduce him for the third time, but she is denied by Sir Gawain. Although, she does convince him to accept her gift of a green girdle that is supposed to protect him. She tells him, “the body which is bound within this green belt, / as long as it is buckled robustly about him, / will be safe against anyone who seeks to strike him” (1851-1853). Sir Gawain accept her gift of the green girdle and goes against the deal that he had made with Bertilak by not presenting him with the girdle. The reason why he kept the green girdle was because it was told that it could save his life. Because of self-preservation he went against the warrior chivalry aspect of the chivalric code. He also goes against the chivalric code by cheating in the deal that he made with Bertilak and not being virtuous, as well as going against his lord, who at the time, was Bertilak since he was staying in his castle. Another instance where Sir Gawain was shown to be fallible and human was when he flinched when the Green Knight swung his axe at him the first time. He did not abide by the game that the Green Knight issued him by flinching, which shows a very human side of Sir Gawain since he is afraid of dying. Sir Gawain says, “I flinched / at first, but will not fail. / Though once my head’s unhitched / it’s off once and for all” (2280-2283). This is yet another instance of warrior chivalry coming in conflict with self preservation. Gawain has to honor the agreement that he made with the Green Knight by taking the axe strike, but he also does not want to die. This portrayal of Sir Gawain as being fallible and human, after being described as being infallible and a shining example of the chivalric code, goes to show that it is impossible to follow the chivalric code perfectly. Although it is still possible to still be a good person after choosing self-preservation over the warrior chivalry aspect of the chivalric code, as shown with the celebration of wearing the green girdle by all of King Arthur’s court. Even though Sir Gawain wears it as a sign of his failure, King Arthur and his court sees it as a sign of honor and wear it proudly.
Sir Gawain was described to be infallible, not being able to do no wrong, had deep faith in God, and is loved by everyone. He could be seen as the embodiment of chivalry with his lack of faults and virtues. Among the different aspects of chivalry, warrior chivalry is the main focus of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. Throughout the whole poem Sir Gawain displays adhering to warrior chivalry in his actions. He always does the honorable thing and puts his lord before himself in most occasions. The games in the poem also have a warrior chivalry aspect in them. The games that the Green Knight and Bertilak challenge Sir Gawain all involve honor and putting his lord over himself. Although Sir Gawain was presented as an infallible being, he is conflicted between warrior chivalry and courtly love chivalry, as well as warrior chivalry and self preservation. He was able to choose warrior chivalry over courtly love chivalry but he failed to choose warrior chivalry over self preservation. Because he was unable to choose warrior chivalry over self preservation, it can be seen as a critique of how impossible it is to follow warrior chivalry, since a man who was seemingly infallible was unable to do it. But since Sir Gawain was still accepted after making that mistake, it goes to show that you do not have to be perfect to be good. With that message Sir Gawain and the Green Knight gives to its readers it can be seen as a compendium of warrior chivalry in its era.

Works Cited

Greenblatt, Stephen. "Sir Gawain and the Green Knight." The Norton Anthology of English Literature. 9th ed. Vol. A. New York: W.W. Norton, 2012. 186-238. Print. The Middle Ages.

Martin, Carl Grey. "The Cipher Of Chivalry: Violence As Courtly Play In The World Of "Sir Gawain

And The Green Knight.." Chaucer Review 43.3 (2009): 311-329. Academic Search Premier.

Web. 16 Sept. 2012.

AE Draft

Warrior Chivalry in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight

Draft

There are three types of chivalry that exists in the medieval era: warrior chivalry, courtly love chivalry, and religious chivalry. Warrior chivalry contains virtues of mercy, courage, valor, fairness, protection of the weak and the poor, the servant-hood of the knight to his lord, and the willingness to give your life for a poor man or your lord. Courtly love chivalry stresses the importance of serving one’s lady and all other ladies after her. Religious chivalry would have a knight be faithful to God, faithful to the church, protect the innocent, be the champion of good versus evil, and be generous and obey God over his lord. Because the chivalric code has three parts that are in contradiction to each other, since a knight cannot be loyal to his lord, lady, and God if they all want different things, it is impossible to follow the chivalric code to a tee. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, however, is the ideal representation of the warrior chivalry aspect of the chivalric code. Sir Gawain can be seen as the embodiment of that aspect of the chivalric code. The games that the Green Knight challenges Gawain with, even if they are violent in nature, also adhere to that chivalric code. The temptation that Bertilak’s wife imposes on Sir Gawain plays on the courtly love aspect of the chivalric code and Sir Gawain responds accordingly to the seduction of Bertilak’s wife in accordance to the warrior chivalry aspect of the chivalric code. Because of all of these representations of warrior chivalry Sir Gawain and the Green Knight can be seen as the ultimate guidebook of warrior chivalry in its era.

Sir Gawain, the main character of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is the embodiment of the chivalric code. Sir Gawain is described as being the perfect knight:
First he was deemed flawless in his five senses;
and secondly his five fingers were never at fault;
and thirdly his faith was founded in the five wounds
Christ received on the cross, as the creed recalls.
And fourthly, if that soldier struggled in skirmish
one thought pulled him through above all other things:
which Mary had conceived in her son, our Savior.
For precisely that reason the princely rider

had the shaper of her image inside his shield,

so by catching her eye his courage would not crack.

The fifth set of five which I heard the knight followed

included friendship and fraternity with fellow men,

purity and politeness that impressed at all times,

and pity which surpassed all pointedness. (640-654)

His senses are perfect, meaning, he is able to experience the world around him to its maximum degree. Which would then allow him to delineate between what is good and bad based on his senses. Because he is able to have such a clear delineation of what is good and bad, it would help him to follow the chivalric code. Especially since his fingers are never at fault, he would always be on the side of good. His faith is also being displayed as being strong, and with a strong faith comes a strong sense of chivalry. Since a part of the chivalric code requires a knight to have strong faith, it is a perfect trait for Sir Gawain to have. He also uses his faith as a source of courage in order to face the dangers and hardships a knight that follows the warrior chivalry aspect of the chivalric code will face. Finally, Sir Gawain is also shown to have gotten along with everyone, be well mannered, and have pity. Because Sir Gawain is a perfect human being, when it comes to his senses, as well as his actions, and has faith, and through that faith, he acquires courage, as well as being a well mannered and virtuous knight, he is the embodiment of the chivalric code. (Gawain stepping in for King Arthur) (Gawain abiding by the rules of the head chopping game) (Gawain abiding by the rules of the head chopping game and the hunting game)
It is not only the character of Sir Gawain that represents warrior chivalry, but also the games present in the story do so as well. The games in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight incorporate mercy, courage, valor, and fairness in the way that they are played. The game that the Green Knight proposes to King Arthur and his court may seem violent and barbaric, but it can still be seen as being chivalrous. The Green Knight challenged anyone present to “strike me one stroke and be struck in return” (287) and that “I’ll afford one free hit from which I won’t flinch, / and promise that twelve months will pass in peace, / then claim / the duty I deserve . in one year and one day” (294-299).
(Courtly love chivalry in conflict with warrior chivalry) (Bertilak’s wife’s advances)

Paradise Lost Book 11

Summary of Book XI

        Book XI opens with Adam and Eve sending their prayers to Heaven. Their prayers are heard by God and the Son, and the Son begins to appeal to Christ in Adam and Eve’s favor, saying that they regret having disobeyed God’s word. The Son says that Adam is “unskillful” in what words he should use to pray with, so the Son interprets Adam’s feelings to God, as he takes responsibility for Mankind’s deeds. He asks for God to allow Adam and Eve to be forgiven and to delay their deaths, but not eliminate them because he knows that since they have sinned, their deaths are now inevitable. God says that he intended to fulfill the Son’s request, but he cannot allow Adam and Eve to reside in Paradise any longer. They have been tainted by Sin, and God sends the angel Michael to drive them out of the Garden of Eden. Michael also takes with him an army of angels of Cherubim, in case Satan tries to intervene. God also instructs Michael to show Adam visions of the future only if Adam accepts banishment without excessive sadness.

Meanwhile in the Garden of Eden, Adam is attempting to comfort Eve by assuring her that that their prayers will reach God, and naming her as his wife. Troublesome omens begin appearing in Eden however, and shortly after Michael and his army of angels arrive. At first Adam believes that Michael is in the Garden to bring new laws to abide by, but Michael soon informs him that he has come to lead Adam and Eve out of the Garden due to their transgressions. Adam is shocked, and Eve openly expresses distress at leaving her native home to be relocated to a location far less pure. Shocked as he is, Adam contains himself and and humbly accepts Michael’s message. Michael then offers Adam comfort from the news by telling him that no matter where Adam and Eve may reside, God will always be present and watching over them.

        After relaying the news of banishment from the Garden to Adam, Michael tells Adam that he will show him visions from the future, which will depict his descendants, the sinfulness of men yet to come, as well as heavenly acts of God. Michael sends Eve to a hilltop and puts her to sleep while he shows Adam these visions, since Michael has “drenched her eyes”. Michael then uses euphrasy and rue (herbs that were thought to sharpen eyesight), to “purge Adam’s visual nerve” so that he will be able to see the visions.

The first vision that Michael shows Adam depicts the story of Cain and Abel. Cain offers a sacrifice of fruit and vegetables to God, which were apparently picked at random, and as such the sacrifice is not deemed to be sincere by God. This story differs from the Bible in that Milton provides a precise reason as to why Cain’s sacrifice was not accepted. Abel, being a shepherd, offers up his best livestock, with incense strewed, and all “due rites” performed. A fire from heaven consumes the sacrifice gratefully. Cain becomes jealous and kills Abel by striking him in the midriff with a stone. This vision greatly upsets Adam, who has seen death for the first time and feels pity for Abel. Michael informs Adam that these two are his sons, and that Cain’s crime will not go unpunished. Michael then says that death can come in many forms, be it murder, disease, or death by “intemperance in meats and drinks”.

After showing Adam the vision of the world’s first death, Michael then shows Adam a vision of a lazar-house (a hospital for leprosy, syphilis, and other diseases). This is the only vision in the book that is not taken from the Bible. This vision seems to be an example of “what misery Eve’s inabstinence could bring on men.” This vision brings tears to Adam’s eyes, though he promptly regains control of his emotions before speaking to Michael. He asks Michael why man is born if only to experience pain and then die. Michael says that mankind must now suffer death since Eve and Adam have been tainted by sin when they were supposed to have upheld God’s image in themselves, having been created in God’s likeness. Adam humbly accepts Michael’s explanation, but asks if there are any other ways that death may come to man, besides dying of painful diseases. Michael says that there is; if man lives a just life, and eats or drinks only to provide adequate nourishment rather than to seek gluttony, death will be a much more peaceful transition.

Michael warns Adam to neither love nor hate his mortal life, an idea which introduces the third vision. The third vision depicts people dwelling in tents. The vision shows women dancing and men watching, and what seems to be a marriage ceremony. This vision pleases Adam, who begins to express more optimism towards the future. Michael then informs Adam that these people are the wicked descendants of Cain, and to not “judge what is best by Pleasure”. He describes the women as being evil, trained only to appear beautiful and inspire lust through song and dance. Michael says that these women corrupt the men before them, who are deemed virtuous but will give up all their virtue to these women. Adam them places blame on women for corrupting men, but Michael reprimands him, saying that Men’s “effeminate slackness” is to blame, and they should be a better example having been given “superior gifts” by God.

The fourth vision depicts the “giant offspring” of the marriages from the third vision. These men fight in wars and appear to be heroic, but their glory is ill-begotten and not genuine. They cause much bloodshed, until one rises up and criticizes them, a man referred to as “middle aged” who turns out to be the holy man Enoch. Enoch speaks of justice, truth and religion, but he is mocked by the other people in the vision. This vision brings tears to Adam’s eyes, and he expresses lament and asks why these men multiply ten-fold  the sin of the world’s first murderer. Michael says that these men will falsely be upheld as great heroes, while Enoch, (whose name Adam and Michael do not know) who speaks out against them, will be persecuted by men but rewarded by God.

The final vision is introduced with the context of “what reward awaits the good, and what punishment the rest”. In this vision, war has ceased, and in the aftermath of victory, there is much lust, prostitution, adultery, and sin abundant in mankind. Noah is introduced as a “reverend sire”, and he speaks out against the actions of the people. He is ignored, and once Noah realizes that his words of conversion will not reach them, he withdraws from society and begins to construct the ark. As told in the Bible, Noah gathers pairs of every animal, as well as his three sons and their four wives, before God seals the door of the ark. Relentless rainfall floods the Earth, wiping out all of mankind save for those aboard the ark. Adam is again quite distressed after seeing this vision, having seen all of his offspring and descendants be eliminated. He expresses that he would have rather been ignorant of the future, since he knows what will happen but can do nothing to change it. Michael responds by saying that mankind was eliminated because they had all become degenerate, turning to sloth and ease after the wars had ended. Noah and his kin were the only ones who still upheld God’s will, and were thus saved. The vision continues with the rain subsiding and the ark stopping on top of Mount Ararat. Noah sends the biblical dove to search for land, and it brings back the olive branch. The vision ends with the rainbow that signifies that God will never destroy the earth by flood again. Adam finally has reason to express great joy at this final vision, lamenting the loss of a wicked world much less when shown that Noah and his descendants shall prosper in a new world. The book ends with a reference to the Final Judgment, i.e. when “fire purge all things new”.

Quotes

“ ‘O sons, like one of us man is become / To know both good and evil, since his taste / Of that defended fruit; but let him boast / His knowledge of good lost, and evil got, / Happier had it sufficed him to have known / Good by itself, and evil not at all’” (XI.84-89).

God is lamenting over the fact that despite his order, Adam and Eve have eaten from the tree of Knowledge, and because of their sin, have brought evil and suffering into the world. This quote may be an example of the consequences of obtaining knowledge- God may even be saying that blind ignorance is bliss, and Adam and Eve would have definitely been happier had they only obeyed God and not sought knowledge and pursued their curiosities about the forbidden tree. God seems to be saying that seeking knowledge can be dangerous; perhaps since he is all-knowing, he knows what is best for Adam and Eve; which is why he forbade them to eat from the tree. Mankind would have been happier to have knowledge only of the joy in obeying God; and not the consequences that arise from disobeying him.

     “All th’earth he gave thee to possess and rule, / No despicable gift; surmise not then / His presence to these narrow bounds confined / Of Paradise or Eden: this had been / Perhaps thy capital seat, from whence had spread all generations […]” (XI.339-344).

This quote affirms God’s omnipresence. Before Michael informs Adam that God has given Man the Earth for him to have dominion over, Adam expresses distress at leaving the Garden, mostly because he believes that this means that God’s presence will no longer be with him. Michael tells him that this is not true, as God is omnipresent, and even though Adam is being banished from Paradise into the world, God will still be watching over him. Michael calls Eden the “capital seat” because it is from here that mankind was created. All future generations will have their origins there.

   ‘Their Maker’s image,’ answered Michael, ‘then

Forsook them, when themselves they vilified

To serve ungoverned appetite, and took

His image whom they served, a brutish vice,

Inductive mainly to the sin of Eve.

Therefore so abject is their punishment,

Disfiguring not God’s likeness, but their own,

[…] since they

God’s image did not reverence in themselves.’ (XI.515-525)

Michael is explaining to Adam why the people seen in the second vision, (the sufferers of diseases such as leprosy and sexually transmitted diseases like syphilis), are the victims of such pain and suffering. When he says their disobeying of God is due mainly to Eve’s sins, he means that their suffering is caused by diseases that are the result of Eve being inabstinent. “Serving ungoverned appetite” could be interpreted as serving worldly, sinful lusts rather than God’s word. This is again blaming much of man’s suffering and fall into sin on the sins of women. Michael also makes the point that these men have insulted God; they were created by God in his image, and had his grace, yet they chose not to strive to keep God’s image in themselves. They did not live a godly life, they disobeyed God, and they suffered from sexually transmitted diseases. Michael is saying that because of these particular sins, their punishment is deserved and severe.

   Adam, now ope thine eyes, and first behold

Th’ effects which thy original crime hath wrought

In some to spring from thee, who never touched

Th’ excepted tree, nor with the snake conspired,

Nor sinned thy sin, yet from that sin derive

Corruption to bring forth more violent deeds. (XI.423-428)

This quote serves to reinforce the very biblical theme of original sin; it also foreshadows the suffering and punishment that mankind will bring on themselves, in the form of the great flood. This quote specifically however, is Michael’s dialogue before he shows Adam the first vision, of the world’s first murderer- Cain. Since Adam has brought sin into the world, his two sons, Cain and Abel, will have to suffer those effects. Cain and Abel, though innocent in nature before Cain murders Abel, are born with original sin. Michael says that Adam’s sin brings forth “corruption” of his future descendants. This quote also enforces the theme of predestination, as do all of the visions that Michael shows Adam. Adam is being shown all the terrible things that mankind after him will have to endure, and not only is he being declared the one who starts it all, but he can also do nothing to change it.

  “But prayer against his absolute decree / No more avails than breath against the wind, / Blown stifling back on him that breathes it forth: / Therefore to his great bidding I submit” (XI.311-314)

In this passage, Adam submits to God’s will. It also, again, brings up the theme of absolute predestination, as Adam realizes that it is useless to try to pray for a different outcome other than God’s decree, which at this point, is to indefinitely banish Adam and Eve from Eden. When Adam says that prayer will “blow stifling back on him”, it again conveys absolution, as he cannot change God’s will. Adam’s submission may arise from guilt as well, for having eaten of the forbidden tree and suffering the consequences.

“If patiently thy bidding they obey, / Dismiss them not disconsolate; reveal / To Adam what shall come in future days”  (11.112-114).
This quote shows the importance of being obedient to God. As long as Adam and Eve are obedient to God, God is willing to show Adam the future so they will not lose hope from being evicted from the Garden. As long as you are obedient to God, God will reward you. Also,God is only willing to reveal the visions to Adam and not Eve, which suggests that Eve is lesser than Adam.

“Some, as thou saw’st, by violent stroke shall die, / By fire, flood, famine; by intemperance more / In meats and drinks, which on the earth shall bring / Diseases dire, of which a monstrous crew / Before thee shall appear; that thou may’st know / What misery th’ inabstinence of Eve / Shall bring on men” (11.471-477)
All of the bad things that have happened in the world is due to Eve taking a bite of the forbidden fruit. Which places all the blame on Eve and shows the role that women play in society during that time, which is a lesser one.

“Nor love thy life, nor hate; but what thou liv’st / Live well, how long or short permit to Heav’n” (11.553-554).
Do not live in excess and do not live in hate. Just live well and as long as you do that, you will be able to get into Heaven.

“Judge not what is best / By pleasure, though to nature seeming meet, / Created, as thou art, to nobler end / Holy and pure, conformity divine” (11.603-606).
This quote suggests that Adam and Eve are not originally flawed as some people would argue, but that they are “holy and pure.” This quote also reveals that sin may look good, but it will corrupt you since you are created to be better than that.

“O visions ill forseen! Better had I / Lived ignorant of future, so had borne / my part of evil only” (11.763-765).
Adam is unable to cope with the visions that Michael shows him since they show how corrupt humankind will be because of the fall. The visions of death, disease, sin, and war give Adam a sense of worry and shame. Although once Adam is shown the vision of Noah he has hope again.

Those whom last thou saw’st

In triumph and luxurious wealth, are they

First seen in acts of prowess eminent

And great exploits, but of true virtue void;

Who having spilt much blood, and done much waste

Subduing nations, and achieved thereby

Fame in the world, high titles, and rich prey

Shall change their course to pleasure, ease, and sloth,

Surfeit, and lust, till wantonness and pride

Raise out of friendship hostile deeds in peace. (11.787-790)

Michael explains to Adam that even though the conquerors are seen as triumphant and successful, they lack obedience to God. Because they lack obedience they do not have a sense of morality, and because they do not have a sense of morality all the work that they did was all for naught, and they end up succombing to sin. This quote shows the importance of being obedient to God.

Critical Perspective

Free Will and Obedience in the Separation Scene of Paradise Lost
Diane Kelsey McColley

Article Summary:

McColley believes that the idea that the separation scene in Book IX of Paradise Lost is regarded as evidence that Milton portrays Eve as vain and willful and Adam as weak and uxorious before the Fall is not true. Because that would be implying that they are originally flawed and that their failure was inevitable, which would mean that their Maker would be responsible for all their sin and woe. She believes that Milton frequently denies that claim in his poetry and prose and, instead, believes that the separation scene portrays potentially sufficient beings in the process of healthful growth, facing difficulties and learning the meaning of obedience to God’s orders and imitation of God’s ways. Examples of which are Adam instructing Eve and preserving for her the dignity of choice, and Eve in responding creatively to her calling to help Adam both in caring for the Garden, which teaches the fruitfulness of a loving discipline, and caring for the “happier Eden” of fruitful marriage. McColley also believes that Eve’s obedience to Adam and to “God in him” depends on her liberty, preserved on their trust in God and their responsiveness to the whole creation. McColley states that the separation scene dramatizes not merely weaknesses Satan will exploit but, more importantly, virtues he will pervert, but which will be restored to responsive men in the process of regeneration.

Important Quotes:
“For if Adam and Eve are not sufficient as well as free, God will in effect have inclined the scale toward disobedience. Their responsibility for their conduct derives from their capacity to obey, which is the source of the dignity and freedom from which they fell ‘till one greater Man/ Restore us’” (104).
McColley is arguing that Adam and Eve are sufficient and have free will, and if they were not sufficient and free, then God would have to regard their actions as a form of disobedience. In order for them to take responsibility for their actions, they need to be able to take in orders. Because Adam and Eve are able to take responsibility for their actions and take orders, they are able to have dignity and freedom. With this dignity and freedom, however, they have a choice of what they should do with it and Adam and Eve made the choice to Fall. Without free will and a sense that their existence is a part of a much bigger picture then there would be no future. In Book 11 of Paradise Lost God tells Michael to present Adam with visions of the future as long as Adam and Eve are obedient to Him. Because they are sufficient and free and agree to leave Paradise because that is what God has commanded them to do, God recognizes their obedience towards Him and allows Michael to show them the future. It would be impossible for God to regard their actions as a form of obedience if they were not “sufficient as well as free.”

“Adam’s respect for Eve’s liberty, though imitating God’s for his own, is then a first step in the Fall, in which Satan’s only part has been a dream incongruous with their whole experience in Eden” (105).
The beginning of Adam and Eve’s fall was when Adam agreed to let Eve go off on her own in Book 9 of Paradise Lost. Although that was the first action that set into motion the Fall of Adam and Eve, the reasoning behind that was a positive one. Adam only allowed Eve her liberty because he felt that that is something that God would do. Since Adam’s intentions are good, he can not be blamed for the Fall. Also, Satan’s only involvement in this entire thing was implanting a dream into Eve, which was blatantly obvious to be a bad omen.

“Milton makes the experience of Adam and Eve before the Fall pertinent to our own is not by showing that they, like us, were congenitally enslaved by their own passions, but by showing that we, like them, have the opportunity either to enslave ourselves or to exercise our restored free will in response to God’s providence” (107).
McColley believes that Milton makes the experience of Adam and Eve, pre-Fall, much like our own experience, by not being enslaved by their own passions, but rather have the opportunity either to enslave themselves or to exercise our restored free will in response to God’s providence. Because Milton creates a strong connection between us, as people, and Adam and Eve, it supports the idea that they are not congenitally bad, or else we would have to agree that we, ourselves, are congenitally bad as well. Because Adam and Eve are not congenitally bad, Adam and Eve are proven to be sufficient beings that McColley is arguing that they are. Also, because they are sufficient beings, God is able to forgive them for their actions in Book 11 of Paradise Lost.

“The awareness of their place in the order of creation which the lesson of temperance can infuse and its trial strengthen promotes a balanced growth free from any obsession, such as Satan’s bondage to pride, which would limit responsive love” (110).
Adam and Eve are self-knowing, and because they are self-knowing, they are able to recognize their place in the order of creation. Because they are able to recognize their place in the order of creation they will not fall into the same trap that Satan fell into. Since Satan went against his place in the order of creation, he became obsessed with going against God. Adam and Eve are free from that obsession because they are obedient to God and are strengthened by the trial of the Tree of Knowledge.

“That Eve’s love for Adam is a voluntary and growing love is the point of her initial motion towards self-love; she must move from knowledge of herself to understanding of the nature and the needs of others” (111).
This quote represents progression of Eve’s growth. Eve starts out as seemingly vain since she falls in love with her own image when she sees her reflection in a pool of water. Although that is just the beginning of her progression. She must first love herself in order to love Adam because that is the natural progression of things. She realizes that Adam is worthier of her love because, unlike her image, Adam is tangible. It also makes her love for Adam more meaningful since it is voluntary.

“Adam’s admission to Raphael of his own potential for intemperate affection and forgetfulness of his leadership is also and indication not only of Adam’s infirmity but of his awareness of it and desire to master it” (112).
This quote represents the growth of Adam. Not only does Adam admit to his intemperate affection and his lack of leadership when he is talking to Raphael in Book 8, but he also expresses his desire to overcome his faults. It shows Adam wanting to improve himself and become even more sufficient. Since McColley’s argument relies on Adam and Eve being sufficient beings in order to dispute the argument that they are originally flawed, this quote helps to enforce her argument.

“Whether at the moment of temptation Eve is, as Milton says she is, ‘yet sinless’ (IX, 659), and thus free to make a responsible choice, depends on whether, like Satan, she departs with the fixed mind of obstinancy or, like the Son, with a generous and potentially productive purpose” (112-113).
McColley creates parallels between Eve and Satan, and Eve and the Son. Just like Satan and the Son of God, Eve falls. Satan falls because of his refusal to accept God’s decision to make the Son his second in command, but the Son falls because He wants to take responsibility for the sins of mankind. So the cause of Satans fall is selfish, while the cause of the Son’s fall is generous, and since Eve has free will, she has the choice to make a selfish or generous decision. McColley is leaning towards Eve having a generous and productive purpose during her fall since she, as Milton describes, is yet sinless.

“It is true also that Michael reprimands Adam’s accusation of woman as the source of woe by accusing rather ‘Mans effeminate slackness’ (XI, 633); but this slackness is not in allowing Eve the freedom which just authority is instituted to preserve, but in stooping to join her in sin rather than trusting divine providence and using his own unfallen virtue to free her from it” (118).
McColley believes that the Fall was not just Eve’s fault, which is what Adam accuses Eve of, but rather they are both equally at fault. Because Adam did not enforce his authority on Eve and put his faith in God, he is just as guilty as she is in the Fall of man. Adam and Eve are to learn from this ordeal in order to become more obedient and more trusting in God.

“Their capacity for pride and intemperance is balanced by their mutual concern that human love, like all love is the divinely appointed order, should remain generous---neither possessive nor fugitive nor straitened by a foe; and such love, as Raphael has explained, is the reason for free will and the purpose of creation” (120).
McColley justifies the separation between Adam and Eve by explaining it in terms of love. Even though they are prideful and intemperate they still love each other, and that love, since it is pure, should be generous and not be possessive. McColley also relates the love that Adam and Eve have for each other to the love that God has for them, and it is because of God’s love, that Adam and Eve were created and have been given free will.

“What the episode proves is not that Adam and Eve are congenitally weak but that they are developing individuals who are responsible for their actions because their wills are free; and this responsibility is necessary both to the justice of their chastening and to their capacity for regeneration” (120).
This is the basis of McColley’s argument. She believes that the separation scene between Adam and Eve is not proof that they are weak, but it is instead a testament to how much they have grown as individuals who are taking responsibility for their actions and have free will. Their ability to be responsible for their actions and to freely decide their own fate allows them to make it through being banished from the Garden and be responsible for building the future for mankind. Without free will and obedience Adam and Eve would not be able to withstand the ordeal of being evicted from Paradise.

AE Project Preliminaries

Introduction:

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is the ideal representation of the warrior chivalry aspect of the chivalric code. Warrior chivalry contains virtues of mercy, courage, valor, fairness, protection of the weak and the poor, the servant-hood of the knight to his lord, and the willingness to give your life for a poor man or your lord. Sir Gawain can be seen as the embodiment of that aspect of the chivalric code. The games that the Green Knight challenges Gawain with, even if they are violent in nature, also adhere to that chivalric code. The temptation that Bertilak’s wife imposes on Sir Gawain plays on the courtly love aspect of the chivalric code and Sir Gawain responds accordingly to the seduction of Bertilak’s wife in accordance to the warrior chivalry aspect of the chivalric code. Because of all of these representations of warrior chivalry Sir Gawain and the Green Knight can be seen as the ultimate guidebook of warrior chivalry in its era.

Quote Analysis:
“Time after time, in tournaments of joust, / they had lunged at each other with leveled lances / then returned to the castle to carry on their caroling” (41-43).
Having tournaments of joust where it is fine to attack each other with lances is seen as a normal affair to these chivalric knights of King Arthur’s court and so the game that the Green Knight proposes can be seen as being just as chivalric.

“if a person here present, within these premises, / is big or bold or red-blooded enough, / to strike me one stroke and be struck in return, / I shall give him as a gift this gigantic cleaver / and the axe shall be his to handle how he likes” (285-289).
The Green Knight issues a challenge with clear and precise rules and he is willing to abide by these set of rules in accordance to the chivalric code.

“I stake my claim. / This melee must be mine” (342).
Sir Gawain tells his lord, King Arthur, that he must be the one to accept the challenge of the Green Knight instead of Arthur. Because Sir Gawain is willing to risk his life in place of his lord, it is an example of warrior chivalry.

“For Gawain was as good as the purest gold--- / devoid of vices but virtuous, loyal and kind” (634-635).
This is a testament to Sir Gawain’s virtuous nature, which is an important part of the chivalric code.

“He was careful to be courteous and avoid uncouthness, / and more so for the sake of his soul should he sin / and be counted a betrayer by the keeper of the castle” (1773-1775).
As Sir Gawain was being tempted by Bertilak’s wife he is able to uphold the chivalric code of honoring his lord, which in this case is the keeper of the castle that he is staying in. Sir Gawain was able to turn down the queen politely and uphold the chivalric code by accepting only a mere kiss from the queen.

Critical Analysis:

The Cipher of Chivalry: Violence as Courtly Play in the World of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight by Carl Grey Martin, defends the violent games in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight by explaining them in a chivalric sense. Martin begins by saying, “The dominant act of the Middle English romance Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is the grotesque physical breaking and disfigurement of one knight by another” (311). He goes on to explain how this act of violence goes against the Christmas festivities that are going on during the time of the Green Knight’s challenge. Martin says, “The Green Knight’s proposal to endure a decapitating stroke in return for the chance to deal one himself appears to subvert the tenets of courtly civility and of Christian fellowship” (311). Then he backs up the knight’s chivalry by saying, “Yet he pursues this contest with a true knight’s obligatory magnanimity and finesse” (311). I agree with Martin and his idea of violence as courtly play. It kind of goes against each other but they work together so well in this sense. The Green Knight issues the challenge of having someone take an axe to his neck and in a years time that person would have to seek out the Green Knight so that the Green Knight can return the blow back. The challenge contains honor and the risk of bodily harm to each person involved, much like any other “games” that knights would play, such as jousting and sword fighting. In fact, in the beginning of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, Arthur refuses to eat unless he would be entertained by a duel between two knights. So even the extreme act of violence of Sir Gawain lopping of the Green Knight’s head contains a certain chivalric aspect to it.

Martin also goes on to explain certain aspects of chivalry and honor in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. Martin shows the humanity and also the courage of Sir Gawain: “He is prepared for death, but in the end declines to accelerate or ensure it. Like the Green Knight, Gawain has a trick up his sleeve. And just as the Green Knight arched his body to bare his neck to the ax, so Gawain, conquering his instinct to shrink or shun the blow” (320). He also compares and contrasts the Green Knight and Sir Gawain’s courage and honor to the game that they play. Martin viewed the Green Knight as not being honest to the rules of the game: “Beheaded yet alive, the Green Knight would instead evade restrictions, defy definition, and erode the difference that renders play meaningful—a privileged sphere of action” (325). Martin had a more favorable view of Sir Gawain, in terms of honoring the rules of the game: “Untouched by magic, he truly exhibits the warrior-noble’s vulnerability to courtly-chivalric mystification; he has rationalized his relation to physical suffering” (325).

Martin, Carl Grey. "The Cipher Of Chivalry: Violence As Courtly Play In The World Of "Sir Gawain And The Green Knight.." Chaucer Review 43.3 (2009): 311-329. Academic Search Premier. Web. 16 Sept. 2012.

Influence of Sophisticated Corruption in The Duchess of Malfi

The early 1600s was known as the Jocobean era. During this time Roman Catholic Italy was known as a “land of sophisticated corruption” (1571). The Duchess of Malfi was influenced by the politics of that time. The characters, especially, were influenced by that sort of “sophisticated corruption.” You can see that sort of corruption being expressed in the characters of the Cardinal and Ferdinand.

Corruption is clearly evident in the characters of the Cardinal and Ferdinand. In the beginning of the play Bosola expresses his distaste for the Cardinal and Ferdinand saying, “He and his brother are like plum trees that grow crooked over standing pools” (1.1.46-47). Bosola reveals that the Cardinal and Ferdinand are dishonest and devious in the very beginning of the play. The politics of the time has an apparent influence in these two characters since they are of the highest social standing in the play and they are introduced in the beginning of the play as being corrupt.

The Cardinal is a corrupt official in the Roman Catholic Church. In the beginning of the play we even learn that he had convinced Bosola to kill someone for him. Delio tells Antonio that he knew Bosola from the galleys and that he was sent there “For a notorious murder” (1.1.64) and it was thought “The cardinal suborned it” (1.1.65). Having someone killed is not typical behavior for an upstanding cardinal. In the beginning of the play we see the corruption of the Cardinal and that he would be willing to use someone to kill someone else for some kind of gain.

Ferdinand is the second corrupt character in The Duchess of Malfi. In the beginning of the play Antonio describes Ferdinand as, “A most perverse and turbulent nature” (1.2.76). Ferdinand is already characterized as being corrupt and unstable. These characteristics have been evident throughout the play as well. He would become unstable and erupt in anger when he hears about the Duchess’s (his sister) pregnancy and birth of her child, which he vows to find out who impregnated her. Ferdinand says, “Till I know who leaps my sister, I’ll not stir” (2.4.78). He then finds out that Antonio is the father and he has the Duchess killed by Bosola. After her death Ferdinand reveals his true intentions: “Only I must confess I had a hope, / Had she continued widow, to have gained / An infinite mass of treasure by her death” (4.2.260-262). Because he revealed that the only reason that he was so fervently against her remarrying was so that he could inherit her fortune shows his corrupt nature.

The Duchess of Malfi was affected by the corrupt politics of the time period that it was written. The influence of the corruption in politics shows through the characters of the Cardinal and Ferdinand. These two characters are of high social standing and are the most corrupt characters in the play which is much like the way it was during the time that the play was written.

Twelfth Night / The Duchess of Malfi Comparative Analysis

“The Duchess of Malfi” is very polarized from “Twelfth Night.” One obvious difference is the genre of each play. “Twelfth Night” is a comedy, which involves having a happy ending which resolves in marriages. “The Duchess of Malfi,” however, is a tragedy, which has a sad ending which resolves in death. There is an interesting subject that these two plays share, however, and that  is marriage. Although “Twelfth Night” and “The Duchess of Malfi” use the subject of marriage in extremely different ways. In “Twelfth Night” marriage is the thing that is sought out throughout the entire play and it is only through marriage that the characters will be happy. Also In “The Duchess of Malfi” marriage is what begins the events that will lead to the tragic ending of the characters. Gender and societal norms are challenged in each of these plays as well. Women are shown taking the lead in relationship matters in both, “Twelfth Night” and “The Duchess of Malfi.” Although in “The Duchess of Malfi” societal norms are challenged with The Duchess marrying outside of her station, which began the series of events that leads to the tragic ending. “Twelfth Night” and “The Duchess of Malfi” share some of the same subjects, such as marriage, and going against gender and societal norms, but each play employs the subject matter in very different ways.

The glaring difference that “Twelfth Night” and “The Duchess of Malfi” is the genre. The former play is a Shakespearean Comedy, which is classified as having a light hearted tone and having a happy ending, that involves having marriages between unmarried characters that match up together. The latter play is a tragedy, which is classified as having an ominous tone and having a tragic ending with all the main characters dying.

Although “Twelfth Night” and “The Duchess of Malfi” are from completely different genres, they share marriage as a main subject in both of the stories. In “Twelfth Night” each of the characters are seeking marriage. Orsino is trying to marry Olivia: “O, when mine eyes did see Olivia first” (I.i.28), Viola is trying to marry Orsino: “Whoe’er I woo, myself would be his wife” (I.iv.41), and Olivia is trying to marry Viola: “Mine eye too great a flatterer for my mind” (I.v.296). In the end each character ends up with a person that matches them well. Olivia and Orsino are married, Viola and Sebastian are married, and Maria and Sir Toby are married. Unlike in “The Duchess of Malfi,” The Duchess marries Antonio who is well below her station, “Bless, heaven, this sacred gordian, which let violence / Never untwine!” (I.iii.180-181), and this marriage is what sets the tragic events of this play into motion.

“Twelfth Night” and “The Duchess of Malfi” also share strong female characters. It seems that in each of these plays the women are wearing the pants (literally, in Viola’s case). Viola takes charge in “Twelfth Night” and dresses up as a man in order to work under the Orsino and she ends up falling in love with him. She then drops hints that she is in love with the duke while he asks her for love advice. She replies to Orsino, “A little, by your favor. [...] Of your complexion. [...] About your years, my lord” (II.iv.23-27). She drops those not so subtle hints to the duke even if she is dressed up as a man. That shows real initiative on her part. In “The Duchess of Malfi,” The Duchess takes initiative by being the one to marry Antonio. She also is portrayed as not being afraid of death when her brother, Ferdinand threatens to kill her. She seems to take everything like a man, so to speak, in “The Duchess of Malfi.”

Although “Twelfth Night” and “The Duchess of Malfi” seem very different, they share the same themes of marriage and strong female roles. “Twelfth Night” has a light-hearted tone, while “The Duchess of Malfi” has a dark tragic tone. Each play share the commonality of marriage as a subject matter. Although in “Twelfth Night” marriage is a happy occasion, unlike “The Duchess of Malfi” where marriage begins the tragic events. Each play also share strong female characters, Viola in “Twelfth Night” and The Duchess in “The Duchess of Malfi.” Each of these plays challenge gender and societal norms in their own way.

Expert For the Day Post #3

Video explaining the origin of "Ring Around the Rosy"

Expert for the Day Post #2

I scrapped the William Shakespeare idea and decided to, instead, do a presentation on the origins of nursery rhymes that have roots in British history. The nursery rhyme that sparked my interest on this subject was "Ring Around the Rosy," which is about the Great Plague of London in 1665. I've found out in my research that "Ring around the rosy" is attributed to the red rash that is a symptom of the plague. Also that "A pocketful of posies" referred to the herbs and spices that people carried in their pockets that were thought protect them from the plague. Finally, the last two lines are attributed to the high death toll of the plague.

Expert For the Day Post #1

I have been doing some research on Shakespeare and I have found out there is quite a lot of controversy surrounding him. I am thinking about doing a presentation or something on that. Here is a Wikipedia article I have found on the controversy surrounding Shakespeare's authorship: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare_authorship_question

Twelfth Night Mini-Analysis

Shakespeare’s Twelfth Night makes gender and social order topsy-turvy by reversing gender roles and social roles between the characters. Although gender and social order gets placed on its head, by the end of the play there is a semblance of order. In my opinion, Shakespeare makes a critique of the gender and societal norms that are present during his time by showing how things would be if the roles were reversed.
 
Things are made topsy-turvy in the realms of gender and social order by, first, having Viola dress up as a man and take up the identity of Cesario in order to get work with Orsino. Viola decides to dress as a man to serve Orsino: “Conceal me what I am, and be my aid / for such disguise as haply shall become / The form of my intent. I’ll serve this duke” (I.ii.51-53). Since Viola decides to disguise herself as a man, gender is made topsy-turvy. Another way things are made topsy-turvy is by having Malvolio talk down to Sir Toby and Sir Andrew while they were merry-making. Malvolio tells Sir Toby and Sir Andrew, “Have you no wit, manners, nor honesty but to gabble / like tinkers at this time of night? Do ye make an alehouse / of my lady’s house?” (II.iii.82-84). Malvolio is just Olivia’s servant, and yet he talks down to Sir Toby and Sir Andrew, who are knights. Things were also made topsy-turvy by having Olivia fall in love with Cesario, who is really Viola in drag. Olivia first realizes her love for Cesario: “I do I know not what, and fear to find / Mine eye too great a flatterer for my mind” (II.i.295-296). Since Olivia is pursuing Viola, who is a woman and in a lower social class than her, it is turning the realms of gender and social order around.

At the end of the play order is seemingly restored. Olivia marries Sebastian, Viola marries Orsino, and Sir Toby marries Maria. Everyone ends up with the people that they are supposed to end up with. All of these pairings seem like they are what would be considered normal and acceptable during that time. Although, Olivia married Sebastian because she thought that he was Cesario. Olivia thinks Sebastian is Cesario and tells him, “Nay, come, I prithee. Would thou’dst be ruled by me!” (IV.i.61). Olivia is in love with Cesario, not Sebastian, and yet she marries Sebastian. Orsino seems to be in love with Cesario instead of Viola. Orsino tells Viola, “Boy, thou hast said to me a thousand times / Thou never shouldst love woman like to me” (V.i.265-266). Orsino seems to have fallen for Viola before he finds out that she is a girl. Sir Toby marries beneath his class by marrying Maria.
 
Shakespeare is definitely making a critique of gender and societal norms during his time in England. I believe that Shakespeare is trying to say that there is no such thing as gender and societal norms. Everyone is going to do as they please, when it comes down to it. Just like the end of the play, everyone has their own special reason for being with who they are with. Even though who they ended up with was “normal,” the reason behind their choice was very unconventional.

Study Guide Exam 1: The Middle Ages

Beowulf
1. Summary

Beowulf begins with the funeral of Shield Sheafson and goes through his family line leading to Hrothgar. Hrothgar is a descendant of Shield Sheafson and the present king. He builds a mead hall called Heorot. Grendel is annoyed by the noise that they are causing in Heorot and decides to go in there and kill everybody. Grendel continues terrorizing Heorot until Beowulf hears of his rampaging and decides to help Hrothgar reclaim Heorot and slay Grendel. Hrothgar throws a feast in Heorot for Beowulf and his men. Beowulf says that he will fight Grendel without armor since it would be the honorable thing to do. Beowulf and his men sleep in Heorot while Grendel attacks. As Grendel tries to attack Beowulf, Beowulf grabs his arm in a lock. Grendel and Beowulf struggle and Beowulf rips off Grendel’s arm. Grendel’s arm becomes a trophy and is hung in the mead hall. Grendel slinks away to his home and dies. Grendel’s mother is furious that her son died so she decides to take revenge. She attacks Heorot and kidnaps one of the retainers. Hrothgar is upset with this attack and Beowulf tells him that they must get revenge for the man that she took. Beowulf finds the lair of Grendel’s mother and is dragged to the bottom of the lake. He fights with Grendel’s mother and finds out that he can not cut her with a normal sword. He finds a giant sword in her lair and uses that to cut her head off. He finds Grendel’s body in her lair and takes his head as a prize. Hrothgar has another celebration for Beowulf and everyone is celebrating his accomplishments. Beowulf then returns home and becomes king. After many years later, when Beowulf is old, a dragon has been provoked since someone stole one of his treasures. The dragon goes on a rampage and Beowulf decides he needs to slay this dragon. Knowing that he is old, he feels that he will die in the fight with the dragon. He still goes into battle with the dragon with an iron shield to protect him, knowing that this would be his final battle. He goes into the dragon’s lair with a few men and his men stay behind while he goes to fight the dragon. Although during the battle one of his men, Wiglaf, goes to help his king Beowulf. As Beowulf was in danger, Wiglaf stabs the dragon in the stomach and weakens him while Beowulf was able to get the killing blow. The wounds that Beowulf suffered during the fight with the dragon were too great and he died. He was celebrated as being a strong warrior throughout his life even to his final moment. Beowulf’s people build him a barrow, Beowulf’s Barrow, as a memorial to Beowulf. Beowulf ends with Beowulf’s funeral.

2. Characters

• Beowulf
• King Hrothgar
• Grendel
• Grendel’s Mother
• The Dragon
• Wiglaf
• Unferth

3. Themes
Honor, Vengeance, Death, Glory, Fate, Balance, Good v. Evil, Greed, Loyalty, Legacy, Mortality

Lanval
1. Summary

Lanval is a noble vassal of King Arthur. He was envied because of his valor, generosity, beauty, and bravery. Because Lanval was envied, nobody, including the king, would help him. He was the son of a king, but he is far from his homeland. He gave all of his money away, and since the king never gives him anything, he becomes poor. Lanval is still loyal to the king throughout though. Lanval meets this beautiful fairy woman and he lays with her. She gives him many gifts and tells him that she will appear before him whenever he wants as long as he does not tell anyone about her. Guinevere makes advances towards Lanval. Lanval refuses her advances because of his loyalty to Arthur. She accuses him of having no desire of women, and he tells her that has a woman that is much more beautiful than her. Since Lanval broke the promise that he made with the fairy lady, she does not appear before Lanval anymore. Lanval becomes upset and love sick. Arthur puts Lanval on trial because Guinevere accused him of making advances towards her. It is found out that that was not the case but he is still on trial for shaming her. Arthur and the barons demand to see Lanval’s mistress in order to prove that she is indeed much better looking than Guinevere so that Lanval would be set free. Although since Lanval broke his promise he knows that she will not appear before them. She appears before them anyway and everyone sees how beautiful she is. Lanval is set free and he rides off into the sunset with his fairy lady.

2. Characters

• Lanval
• King Arthur
• Fairy Woman
• Guinevere

3. Themes
Chivalry, Courtly Love, Role Reversal of Men and Women, Duty to Lord, Duty to Lover, Temptation, Vindictive Woman, Supernatural Woman

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
1. Summary

Christmas is being celebrated in Camelot. King Arthur and his court are celebrating merrily and King Arthur refuses to eat until he is entertained. The Green Knight enters and issues a challenge to whoever will accept will have to strike him with an axe and after a year the Green Knight will return the blow. The Green Knight goads Arthur into challenging him, but Gawain intercedes and accepts the challenge instead. He cuts off the Green Knight’s head with the axe and the Green Knight picks up his head and reminds Gawain to meet him in a year’s time and he departs. The seasons go by and Gawain is living his life celebrating up until the few moments when he has to go on his quest to search for the Green Knight to live up to the deal that he had made with him. He finds a great castle where he meets the king and he ends up celebrating Christmas with them. The king invites him to stay in his castle and sleep in while he goes hunting and everything he gets on his hunt, he will give to Gawain, and in return, everything that Gawain receives while staying in his castle, he will give to the king. During his stay, the queen makes advances on him three consecutive days. The first day the king returns with a deer, and Gawain gives him a kiss. The second day the King returns with a boar and Gawain gives him another kiss. However on the third day the queen gives Gawain a girdle that would save his life from the Green Knight and Gawain did not give it to the king. Instead, the king gave him a fox and Gawain gave him another kiss. As his meeting with the Green Knight looms ever nearer, he gets a guide from the king to lead him to the Green Chapel. Once they arrive the guide tells Gawain that he should run away and the guide would not tell a soul what happened, but Gawain refused since he did not want to be remembered as a coward. He goes into the Green Chapel and finds the Green Knight as he sharpens his axe. Gawain presents his neck to the Green Knight and the Green Knight comes down with a swing and Gawain flinches. The Green Knight makes fun of Gawain and then he swings again. He missed intentionally to taunt Gawain. He swings one last time nicking Gawain’s neck and Gawain stands up and challenges the knight since he lived up to his bargain and he missed he did not have to let him cut his head off anymore. The Green Knight tells Gawain that it was all a test and that his aunt is magic and set the whole thing up and that he was Bertilak and that he was staying in his castle and since he did not give him the girdle that his wife gave him he cut him on the neck. Bertilak could not blame Gawain for trying to save his own life, but Gawain saw it as a stain on his honor and wore the green girdle as a symbol of his mistake. He goes through many adventures on his way home in order to make up for his folly and when he finally makes it back to Camelot the knights greet him and take up his symbol of his mistake as a badge of honor.

2. Characters

• Sir Gawain
• Green Knight
• Bertilak
• Bertilak’s Wife
• Gawain’s Aunt

3. Themes
Chivalry, Quests, Games, Trials, Conflict of Courtly Love and Chivalry, Fate, Time, Self-Preservation, Honor

Chaucer’s The General Prologue
1. Summary

Begins with a description of spring, and that around this time of year devout English pilgrims go on pilgrimages to visit holy shrines in distant lands. The narrator, in particular, is going on a pilgrimage to Canterbury to visit the relics of Saint Thomas Becket in Canterbury Cathedral. He goes into a tavern where he meets twenty nine other travelers, who were a diverse group of people. They agree to travel together and set off on their journey to Canterbury.

2. Characters

• Narrator

3. Themes
Pilgrimage, Stories, Diversity, Season

The Miller’s Prologue and Tale
1. Summary

Begins with the Miller interrupting the Monk. The Miller is drunk and promises to tell a tale that is as noble as the Knight’s. He reminds everyone that he is drunk and, therefore, should not be held accountable for anything that he says. He sets up his tale as a story of a carpenter and his wife, and of how a clerk sleeps with the wife of the carpenter. The Miller says that he is married and that he does not care if his wife sleeps with other men because it is none of his business. The Miller then begins to tell his tale. An intelligent, good looking, young man named Nicholas has boarded with an old, ignorant, carpenter named John. John has a wife who he is possessive and highly protective of, named Alisoun. Alisoun is young and attractive and is attracted to Nicholas. Alisoun and Nicholas flirt with each other and Nicholas grabs her by the crotch and she denies him. He starts to cry and then she sleeps with him. There is another man who is in love with Alisoun as well, Absolon. Absolon is a parish clerk that is also trying to woo Alisoun. Nicholas and Alisoun hatch a plan in order to spend the night together. Nicholas tells John that there is going to be a huge flood and that he should build three tubs for each of them and load them with provisions and tie them to the roof of the barn. They would sleep in the tubs and when the flood comes they would cut them off of the roof. During the night Alisoun and Nicholas were able to spend the night together. Absolon serenades Alisoun during the night and Alisoun plays a trick on Absolon by asking him for a kiss and presenting her bare butt out the window. Absolon kisses her butt and becomes upset. He gets a hot poker and comes back and asks for another kiss. Nicholas instead presents his butt and Absolon burns him with the poker and he screams for water which makes John think the flood has arrived so he cuts the tubs off of the roof and he falls and breaks his arm.

2. Characters

• The Miller
• Nicholas
• Alisoun
• John
• Absolon

3. Themes
Fabliou (risqué humorous tale), Age Issues, Jealousy, Over-protectiveness, Astrology, Sex, Cuckoldry, Education Issues, Religion

The Wife of Bath’s Prologue and Tale
1. Summary

The Wife of Bath establishes her authority of marriage. She says that she first gotten married at the age of 12 and has been married five times in total. She believes that being married five times is no big deal. She talks about her three good husbands and that since they were old and did what she wanted, they were happy. Her fourth and fifth husbands, however, were not so good. Her fifth husband was especially bad. There was a huge age difference between her and her fifth husband. He was twenty and she was forty. He had a book called Valerie and Theofraste, which contained stories of the most deceitful wives in history. Jankyn, her fifth husband, would read the book out loud in order to torment her. The Wife gets so frustrated one night that she tears out three pages from the book and punches Jankyn in the face. Jankyn then hits the Wife, which causes her to be deaf in one ear. She tells him that she wants to kiss him, but then hits him when he comes over. Eventually they settle and he gives her his estate and in return she acts kindly and loving. The Wife then begins her tale. Her tale begins with a knight in Arthur’s court who rapes a beautiful young maiden. The court decrees that he should be put to death, but Arthur’s queen decides that he should be given a chance to save his life. She challenges the knight to find out what women want most in the world, within a year, and present his findings to the court. If the court deemed his answer acceptable he would be able to keep his life. The knight begins his quest and finds out that women want different things. He meets this old woman who tells him that she would tell him what women want and, in exchange, the knight would have to pledge himself to her. She travels with him to the court and he tells them the answer that she told him: what women want most is to be in charge of their husbands and lovers. Everyone agrees that this is the correct answer and the knight is spared. The old woman then asks the knight to marry her. He tries to relent and offer her all of his possessions instead of getting married but she refuses and he is forced to give in. They get married and get in bed that night. The old woman asks the knight whether he would rather have her ugly and loyal or young and beautiful but unfaithful. The knight tells her to choose what she thinks is best and so she becomes young, beautiful, and faithful.

2. Characters

• The Wife of Bath
• Jankyn
• The Knight
• Guinevere
• The Old Woman

3. Themes
What Women Want, Marriage, Control, Rape, Supernatural Woman, Time, Quest, “Happy wife, happy life”
The Pardoner’s Prologue and Tale
1. Summary

Begins with the Pardoner telling everyone what he does, which is preaching and selling promises of salvation. The main topic to his sermons is always that greed is the root of all evil. He tells the pilgrims that the relics are fake and that the parishioners always believe him and make offerings and that he takes their money. The Pardoner admits that he is only preaching to make money instead of helping the people. He preaches about greed even though he is greedy himself. All he wants to do is fill his ever deepening pockets. Once he finishes telling the pilgrims about himself he begins his tale. His tale begins with a group of young men indulging in all forms of excess. Three of these young men hear a funeral bell and find out that one of their friends have been slain by Death. They go on a quest to find Death and kill it. They come upon an old man who is waiting for Death to come. The three men figure that the old man would know where Death is. The old man tells them that Death is under an oak tree. The three men go to the oak tree and find gold instead of Death. They figure they should carry the gold during the night, as to relieve any suspicion, so they send one of the three men into town to get food and drink in the meantime. The man that went to town plotted killing the other two with poison and the two men plotted to kill the man by stabbing him. The man that went to town came back with poison drink and the two men stabbed him. They drank the drink to celebrate and they end up dying as well. The pardoner reminds everyone to beware the sin of avarice and that they should get pardoned by him even after telling them that the relics are fake.

2. Characters

• The Pardoner
• The Three Men
• The Old Man

3. Themes
Greed, Gluttony, Hypocrisy, Religion, Fraud, Exemplum (sermon), Relics, Absolution, Quest, Death, Irony

The Book of Margery Kempe
1. Summary

Margery Kempe tells her story of how she goes crazy after the birth of her first child and sees devils all around her. She recovers after seeing visions of Jesus Christ and decided to devote her life to God. She convinces her husband to accept her celibacy after having fourteen children. She becomes very intense eccentric with her beliefs and decides to go on a pilgrimage. She convinces her husband to let her go, with the help of God, and she sets off to Jerusalem. She has intense visions during her pilgrimage which makes her cry a weep a lot. She gets married to the Godhead, even though she wanted to get married to Jesus Christ, the man. She eventually has to return home to nurse her sick husband. Finally she has a vision of the Passion sequence, where Jesus had died.

2. Characters

• Margery Kempe
• John Kempe
• Unnamed Priest

3. Themes
Role of Women, Women and Faith, Faith and Sexuality, Matrimony, Relationship with Jesus, Use of Third Person, Education, Religion

Everyman
1. Summary

Everyman is a morality play. It begins with Everyman trying to bargain with Death, and Death allowing him to bring a companion with him. Everyman goes to find a companion that he can bring with him to Death. He first asks his friends, but they tell him that they cannot go with him. He then asks his family, but they tell him that they cannot go with him either. He then tries to ask his goods to come with him but Goods tells him that bringing him would not be a good idea. Everyman then asks Good Deeds to come with him but Good Deeds is too weak. Good Deeds then brings Knowledge with them and together they go to Confession. With Confession, Everyman begs God for forgiveness, and after he is absolved from his sins, Good Deeds becomes strengthened and is able to go with Everyman. Good Deeds then summons Discretion, Strength, Five-Wits, and Beauty and they go take sacrament. After taking sacrament Discretion, Strength, Five-Wits, and Beauty leave Everyman and he is only allowed to bring Good Deeds with him. Everyman goes into his grave with Good Deeds and they go to heaven. Then the Doctor closes out the play and provides the moral of the story, that man can only bring his good deeds with him to heaven.

2. Characters

• Messenger
• God
• Death
• Everyman
• Fellowship
• Kindred
• Cousins
• Goods
• Good Deeds
• Knowledge
• Confession
• Beauty, Strength, Discretion, and Five-Wits
• Angel
• Doctor

3. Themes
Morality Play, Importance of Good Deeds, Importance of Absolution, Time, Quest, Death, Religion